Starting and stopping are automated, but a train attendant operates the doors and drives the train in case of emergencies. Examples include the London Underground Victoria line. As in a GoA3 system, the GoA2 train cannot operate safely without the staff member on board. In this system, trains run automatically from station to station but a driver is in the cab, with responsibility for door closing, obstacle detection on the track in front of the train and handling of emergency situations. Starting and stopping are automated using advanced train protection systems like ETCS L2 or 3, but a driver operates the doors, drives the train if needed and handles emergencies. Overseen signals due to human errors are safeguarded by train protection systems like ETCS L1. These levels correspond with the automotive SAE J3016 classification: Grade of automationĪ train driver controls starting and stopping, operation of doors and handling of emergencies or sudden diversions. Operation sheme of ETCS Level 3 as an example for GoA2.Īccording to the International Association of Public Transport (UITP) and the international standard IEC 62290‐1, there are five Grades of Automation (GoA) of trains. The combined system will marginally adjust operating parameters such as the ratio of power to coasting when moving and station dwell time in order to adhere to a defined timetable. The ATO and ATC/ATP systems will work together to maintain a train within a defined tolerance of its timetable. Many modern systems are linked with automatic train control (ATC) and, in many cases, automatic train protection (ATP) where normal signaling operations such as route setting and train regulation are carried out by the system. On most systems, there is a driver present to mitigate risks associated with failures or emergencies. ATO is primarily used on automated guideway transit and rapid transit systems where it is easier to ensure the safety of people. The degree of automation is indicated by the Grade of Automation (GoA), up to GoA4 in which the train is automatically controlled without any staff on board. I know I'm weird.Automatic train operation ( ATO) is a technology used to automate the operation of trains. Either way it was kinda zen writing this out before bed. Whereas using the stay strategy guarantees you only get door A which has 1/3 probability of being a car. You can also think of your initial choice in the switch strategy, say picking door A, is the same as choosing both doors B and C since Monty will show you the contents of one with a goat and if one is the car you get it. 2/3 of the time you pick a goat and keep it. Stay strategy: 1/3 of the time you choose the car and keep it. You then switch to the remaining door and win the car. 2/3 of the time you choose a goat and Monty (knowing which remaining door is a goat) reveals a goat. 1/3 of the time you choose the car and since you always switch, you end up with a goat. Switch strategy: You choose a door and it's either a goat or car. One way to think about it is to reason through all the possible outcomes under each strategy. I'll try to explain, but feel free not to read if you don't want to. I'm getting a PhD in statistics and probability and am passionate about statistics education and communication.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |